Backcountry Gear

The Ten Essentials for Backcountry Hiking: A Complete Guide

The Ten Essentials are a time-tested framework for ensuring safety and preparedness on any outdoor adventure, from a short day hike to a multi-day backpacking trip. Originally developed by The Mountaineers, a Seattle-based climbing and outdoor organization in the 1930s, the list has evolved from a simple list of items to a modern "systems" approach, which accounts for new technology and a more holistic view of safety.

The core purpose of the Ten Essentials is twofold:

1. To respond to an accident or emergency. This includes managing unexpected injuries, sudden weather changes, or getting lost.

2. To safely spend a night outdoors if needed. This prepares you for an unplanned overnight stay, even on a day hike.

By carrying these items, you are equipped to handle a wide range of situations that could otherwise become life-threatening. The specific gear you pack will vary depending on the season, terrain, and duration of your trip, but the following ten categories should always be in your pack.

The Ten Essential Systems

1. Navigation

Your navigation system should include both traditional and modern tools, and you must know how to use them. While a GPS is convenient, a map and compass are essential backups that never run out of battery.

• Topographic Map: A detailed map of the area you are hiking in, protected in a waterproof case or bag.

• Compass: A reliable compass to use in conjunction with your map.

• GPS Device/Smartphone with Offline Maps: A GPS unit or a smartphone with pre-downloaded offline maps (like those from AllTrails or Gaia GPS) is an excellent addition, but it should not be your sole means of navigation.

2. Sun Protection

Exposure to the sun's UV rays can lead to sunburn, eye damage, and heat-related illnesses. Protection is crucial, even on cloudy days or in the winter when snow can reflect sunlight.

• Sunglasses: Protect your eyes from UV rays and glare.

• Sunscreen: Apply broad-spectrum sunscreen with at least SPF 30.

• Sun-Protective Clothing: A wide-brimmed hat, long-sleeve shirt, and pants offer excellent protection.

3. Insulation (Extra Clothing)

Weather in the backcountry can change rapidly. An unexpected drop in temperature or getting wet can lead to hypothermia, even in mild conditions. Pack an extra layer for warmth.

• Non-cotton layers: Avoid cotton, which absorbs moisture and loses its insulating properties when wet. Opt for wool or synthetic materials.

• Layering System: A base layer, a mid-layer (like a fleece or down jacket), and a waterproof/windproof shell.

• Extra Socks: A dry pair of socks can prevent blisters and keep your feet warm.

4. Illumination

Whether you're finishing a hike after sunset or navigating a path in the dark, a reliable light source is critical.

• Headlamp: The preferred choice for hands-free operation.

• Extra Batteries: Always carry a spare set of batteries, or a portable charger for rechargeable models.

5. First-Aid Supplies

A well-stocked first-aid kit allows you to treat minor injuries and manage more serious ones until help arrives.

• Pre-made Kit: Start with a pre-assembled kit and customize it to your specific needs.

• Personal Medications: Include any personal medications you take.

• Essential Items: Blister treatments (moleskin), bandages, antiseptic wipes, gauze, medical tape, pain relievers, and any other items you deem necessary.

6. Fire

The ability to start a fire can be a life-saving tool for warmth, cooking, and signaling for help.

• Lighter or Waterproof Matches: Carry a reliable lighter or matches in a waterproof container.

• Fire Starter: An item that ignites easily and burns long enough to catch wet kindling. Examples include waterproof fire sticks, cotton balls soaked in petroleum jelly, or a cube of fire paste.

7. Repair Kit and Tools

Small gear failures can become major problems in the backcountry. A basic repair kit can help you fix torn gear, broken straps, or a malfunctioning stove.

• Knife: A simple pocketknife or a multi-tool is a versatile and indispensable tool.

• Duct Tape: Wrapped around a water bottle or trekking pole, it can fix almost anything.

• Cordage: A few feet of strong cord can be used for repairs, a clothesline, or a sling.

8. Nutrition (Extra Food)

Unexpected delays can happen. Always pack more food than you think you'll need.

• Extra Day's Supply: A good rule of thumb is to carry enough food for an extra day.

• High-Energy Snacks: Pack calorie-dense, non-perishable foods that don't require cooking, such as nuts, energy bars, and dried fruit.

9. Hydration (Extra Water & Treatment)

Dehydration can lead to fatigue, heat exhaustion, and more serious problems. Carry plenty of water and a way to get more.

• Water Bottles or Reservoir: Carry enough water for your planned trip. A general guideline is about half a liter per hour of hiking in moderate conditions.

• Water Filter or Purification Tablets: A filter or chemical treatment system allows you to safely drink from natural water sources, preventing you from running out.

10. Emergency Shelter

An unplanned night out can be a life-or-death situation. An emergency shelter protects you from the elements, helping to prevent hypothermia and exposure.

• Space Blanket: A lightweight, compact emergency blanket is a simple and effective option.

• Tarp, Bivy Sack, or Tent: These offer more robust protection and are often included in a backpacker's standard gear.

The Eleventh Essential

While not part of the original list, many experienced hikers add a final, crucial "essential": a planned trip itinerary. Leave your detailed plan with a trusted person who knows your route, your expected return time, and what to do if you don't check in.